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Modal + perfect infinitive (have + past participle) अतीत के बारे में निर्णय व्यक्त करता है: "should have" (छूटा हुआ कर्तव्य), "could have" (एक असाकार संभावना), "might have" (अनिश्चित भूतकालीन संभावना), "needn't have" (अनावश्यक भूतकालीन क्रिया)।
You should have call me.
You should have called me. — "should have" के बाद past participle का उपयोग करें, आधार रूप (base form) का नहीं।
You didn't need to bring a gift, but you did.
You needn't have brought a gift. — किसी अनावश्यक क्रिया के लिए "needn't have" का उपयोग करें जो फिर भी की गई।
should have studied
might have forgotten