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Proficiency
At C2, learners handle structures native speakers use unconsciously: fronting for focus, complex ellipsis, and layered subordination — all without sounding unnatural or overly academic.
Idiomatic grammar covers fixed grammatical patterns tied to specific expressions that don't follow regular rules — they must be learned as set structures, not built from individual grammar rules.
At C2, grammatically correct sentences can still differ in effect — active vs. passive, short vs. long sentences, and word order all shape tone, emphasis, and rhythm as deliberate stylistic choices, not just correctness.
Literary English permits deviations from standard grammar for effect — inverted word order, deliberate fragments, and archaic or poetic structures rarely used in everyday or academic writing.
Academic register at C2 combines precise hedging, nominalisation, and impersonal structures fluently, adjusting tone and certainty to match the discipline and the strength of the evidence.