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Modal + perfect infinitive (have + past participle) ماضی کے بارے میں فیصلے کا اظہار کرتا ہے: "should have" (چھوٹ گئی ذمہ داری)، "could have" (ایک ادھوری امکان)، "might have" (غیر یقینی ماضی کا امکان)، "needn't have" (غیر ضروری ماضی کا عمل)۔
You should have call me.
You should have called me. — "should have" کے بعد past participle استعمال کریں، بنیادی شکل نہیں۔
You didn't need to bring a gift, but you did.
You needn't have brought a gift. — کسی غیر ضروری عمل کے لیے "needn't have" استعمال کریں جو پھر بھی کیا گیا۔
should have studied
might have forgotten